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عمومی::
طیفسنجی الکترونی اوژه
Aes- thetic improvements were not included.
Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and auger electron spectroscopy (AES) are both used to analyze the chemical compositions of solid surfaces (Riggs and Parker 1975; Joshi, Davis, and Palmberg 1975).
As can be seen in figure 4.2, the pattern of important innovations in ESCA and AES is very similar to that in whitewater kayaking.
Also note that, just as in whitewater kayaking, the frequency with which both scientists and producers generated important innovations eventually declined, even though the combined sales of ESCA and AES instruments were rising (figure 4.2b).
The answer is that the steady rise in sales (shown for ESCA and AES instruments in figure 4.2b) made more and more innovation opportunities present in the design space financially viable for produc- ers.
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